Understanding the Plant Known as Kratom
Mitragyna, commonly referred to as Kratom, is a plant native to Southeast Asia. It is related to the coffee and gardenia plant families. For centuries, Kratom has been utilized in Thailand and neighboring regions as a traditional herbal remedy for various health issues. It is primarily known for providing energy boosts and mild pain relief. However, its danger lies in its dose-dependent stimulant properties and opiate-like effects, which could be beneficial in easing opiate withdrawal symptoms.
Over the past twenty years, Kratom's popularity has surged in North America and Europe, where it is used both recreationally and for self-managing pain.
Kratom's effects are contingent on the dosage, with higher amounts resulting in a prolonged high.
Is Kratom Safe or Hazardous?
There is limited research on the effects of Kratom, with few clinical trials available to confirm its safety for human consumption. Much of the current understanding comes from anecdotal evidence from users and healthcare professionals, as well as some animal studies.
In the United States, Kratom is not a regulated substance, making it readily available online and in head shops. It is offered in various forms, such as:
- Loose leaves for tea brewing
- Capsules
- Pressed tablets
Researchers have identified numerous active compounds in Kratom, including several that interact with opioid receptors in the brain, potentially leading to physical dependence and addiction.
Despite its long-standing use as a herbal remedy in Southeast Asia, Kratom misuse is also prevalent in the region. Due to its addictive nature, Thailand, Malaysia, and Myanmar have banned it except for stringent medical applications.
Certain compounds in Kratom can interfere with liver enzymes responsible for drug metabolism, possibly leading to dangerous interactions with other substances. Some overdoses, including fatal ones, have occurred when Kratom was used alongside other drugs.
What Are Kratom's Immediate Effects?
The unique chemical composition of Kratom results in complex short-term effects that vary significantly. The balance of stimulant-like versus opiate-like effects depends on the dosage, with users reporting varied experiences even at identical doses.
A low dose (1-5 grams) typically induces stimulant-like effects. These effects are noticeable within 10 minutes and last around 60 to 90 minutes. While many users find these effects enjoyable, some report anxiety and agitation. The primary stimulant-like side effects mimic those of amphetamines, though to a lesser degree, and include:
- Enhanced energy and alertness
- Reduced appetite
- Increased sociability
- Elevated libido
Moderate to high doses (5-15 grams) primarily produce opioid-like effects lasting several hours. The euphoric "high" from Kratom is described as less intense than other opioids, with some users finding it unpleasant or dysphoric. Other opiate-like effects comprise:
- Pain relief (analgesia)
- Drowsiness
- A calm, dreamlike mental state
- Cough suppression
- Alleviation of opioid withdrawal symptoms
Doses exceeding 15 grams produce effects akin to high doses of opioids, including intense sedation and potential loss of consciousness.
What Are the Overall Risks of Kratom Use?
Kratom use has several side effects ranging from mild to severe. Like the desired effects, the side effects depend on the dosage and resemble those of both stimulant and opiate drugs, including:
- Constricted pupils
- Facial flushing
- Tremors or impaired motor coordination
- Constipation
- Excessive sweating
- Dizziness
- Nausea and vomiting
- Itching
Severe toxic effects are rare according to user and healthcare provider reports, but there is insufficient information to accurately assess long-term side effects and risks of Kratom use. Most serious toxic reactions are linked to high doses of Kratom (>15 grams) and include seizures.
The risks associated with Kratom use are notably higher with "Krypton," a product marketed as a potent Kratom variant. Krypton combines Kratom with O-desmethyltramadol, a metabolite of the pain medication tramadol (Ultram). This mixture amplifies the central nervous system's depressive effects and has been implicated in several deaths in Sweden.
What Are the Withdrawal Symptoms of Kratom?
In one study, over half of the individuals who regularly used Kratom for at least six months developed a dependency. Those dependent on the drug experience physical withdrawal symptoms similar to opiates when ceasing its use abruptly. Withdrawal symptoms include:
- Irritability
- Excessive sweating
- Nausea
- Increased blood pressure
- Diarrhea
- Runny nose
- Joint and muscle pain
- Insomnia
- Intense cravings for Kratom
Exercising Caution with Kratom
Due to Kratom's highly addictive nature, we advise against its use in any form for individuals in addiction recovery. If you or someone you know is struggling with addiction, contacting a professional at Impact Recovery is crucial. Whether beginning or restarting your recovery journey, you'll receive the support, resources, and assistance needed.
