How Prevalent Is Substance Abuse Among Pregnant Women?

Pregnancy often marks a beautiful chapter in a woman's life. Yet, numerous factors can complicate this experience. Financial challenges, health issues, unstable relationships, and other stressors can create immense pressure. These challenges might lead a woman to resort to substance abuse for relief, even during pregnancy.

The occurrence of substance abuse in pregnancy is more frequent than many assume. Research published in Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology indicates that around 30% of those battling addiction are women. Notably, most of these women fall within the "child-bearing age" range of 15–44 years. Surveys suggest that approximately 4.4% of women use at least one illicit substance while pregnant, with the majority being aged 15–17.

These statistics reveal the significant presence of substance abuse among expectant mothers. Furthermore, both she and her baby face severe health risks, some of which are detailed below.

Impact of Substance Abuse on the Unborn Child

To safeguard both mother and child during pregnancy, avoiding alcohol and drugs is crucial. Although maintaining a healthy lifestyle can be challenging, it is vital to prevent harmful outcomes.

Pregnant women engaging in substance use, such as heroin, marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogens, alcohol, or methamphetamines, expose themselves and their unborn child to serious health threats. The American Journal of Perinatology notes that "alcohol was the most prevalent substance linked to fetal abnormalities." While some fetal defects are listed below, more common yet equally detrimental conditions can also occur.

Frequent Consequences of Substance Abuse During Pregnancy

• Low Birth Weight: Substance abuse during pregnancy can lead to the baby being born underweight, often less than five pounds. This increases the risk of cardiovascular, respiratory, vision, and digestive issues. If the baby survives, they may face diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease later in life.

• Reduced Head Size: A smaller head circumference, alongside low birth weight, can result from hindered development in the womb. This condition suggests an underdeveloped brain, skull, and likely impaired cognitive growth.

• Developmental and Behavioral Challenges: Substance abuse during pregnancy can severely impact an infant’s central nervous system, leading to behavioral and motor skill issues. These include poor academic performance, lethargy, aggression, attention disorders, and other behavioral difficulties.

• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS): SIDS refers to the unexpected death of an infant under one year old. Maternal substance abuse during pregnancy elevates the risk of SIDS, increasing infant mortality rates.

Additional Physical Impacts of Substance Use During Pregnancy

Beyond the common effects mentioned above, substance use during pregnancy can also lead to the following physical conditions:

• Physical disabilities
• Increased risk of premature birth
• Respiratory issues
• Miscarriage
• Stunted fetal growth
• Placental complications
• Congenital heart defects
• Clubfoot or cleft lip

It is evident that a pregnant woman grappling with substance abuse endangers both herself and her unborn child. Although a recovery program cannot ensure a healthy pregnancy at any stage, it can improve the chances. Why delay?

What Does Substance Abuse Indicate About the Mother's Health?

Individuals battling addiction often experience poor health and other co-occurring disorders. This is also true for pregnant women dealing with substance abuse. Without proper nutrition and mental wellness, both mother and child can suffer adverse effects. It's akin to the "put on your own oxygen mask first" principle. A pregnant woman must prioritize her own well-being before attending to her developing baby.

Feelings of loneliness or low self-esteem are not uncommon during pregnancy. These can stem from various hardships, such as financial, employment, housing, and relationship instabilities. Consequently, some women may turn to drugs or alcohol as their sole coping method.

What If the Mother Already Faces Addiction?

If substance abuse is already present in your life or that of a loved one before pregnancy, taking necessary precautions is crucial. Even with plans to abstain during pregnancy, seeking external support might still be necessary.

During pregnancy, women battling addiction are more susceptible to developing co-occurring disorders due to the body's physical and hormonal changes. These factors can intensify an existing addiction, making professional guidance essential.

Having ample physical, mental, and emotional support during pregnancy is beneficial. This may involve reaching out to friends and family for accountability or revisiting therapy or support groups. In more severe cases, or if substance abuse is ongoing, immediate professional assistance is advisable.

Treatment Options for Expectant Mothers

Pregnancy combined with substance abuse often carries a stigma. However, seeking help promptly is the best course of action. Qualified professionals will provide specialized treatment methods to prioritize your health while monitoring your baby's well-being.

Medically-assisted detoxification could be a good starting point, helping to minimize immediate risks and allowing for professional supervision. Following detox, residential treatment may be recommended depending on your specific circumstances, including the stage of your pregnancy, your health, the baby's health, and any co-occurring disorders.

If you or someone you know is pregnant and has questions about substance abuse and addiction, contact the team at Impact Recovery Center today. Obtain the support you need and embark on your path to healing.